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People drink alcohol at home. No great surprise there. But where they buy their alcohol has rapidly changed. Coronavirus has changed buying habits and accelerated the adoption of buying alcohol online. Amazon is one of the main beneficiaries.

In this article I will show you how to capitalise on this shift. We’ll go through the different ways that you can sell beers, wines and spirits on Amazon and the pros and cons of each option. We’ll then look in more detail about how to kickstart sales once your Amazon store has been set up.

Amazon offers the potential to reach a global audience. 150m Prime subscribers that once never considered buying alcohol from Amazon are now used to buying alcohol from Amazon. That is a game changer.

Done correctly Amazon will now become a major part of any alcohol brand’s distribution strategy.

Contents

How to Start Selling Alcohol on Amazon

How you sell your products on Amazon depends on your business model.

If you are the brand owner then the best approach is to sell via Amazon’s Vendor Central platform. More on this later.

If you are a distributor and do not own exclusive rights to a brand in your market then you will sell through the Seller Central platform.

Why the difference?

Vendor is Amazon’s version of a traditional trade relationship. Amazon buys the products and they are presented as ‘dispatched from and sold by Amazon’ on the website.

Amazon will only work on a trade relationship with the brand owner or an entity that has exclusive distribution rights.

Their approach is; why deal with multiple wholesalers when we can deal directly with the brand. It’s an understandable position to take.

If you are a wholesaler then you can sell the products through Seller Central. This is Amazon’s 3rd party marketplace. It is open to any business entity.

3rd party businesses create their own account and listings. Alternatively, if the product they are selling is already for sale on Amazon then they don’t need to create a listing. They simply create an offer on the existing listing.

In this example, there is one listing for Kraken Spiced Rum and 4 offers from 3rd parties. They are all competing to ‘win’ sales of that product.

A Quick Intro into Winning the Buy Box

How do they ‘win’ the sale. Or in Amazon’s jargon; how do they win the buy box

In this scenario it comes down to a few things

1. Price
2. Delivery time
3. Seller rating

The algorithm that decides which seller wins the sale is heavily weighted towards rewarding the lowest price and secondly, how quickly they can deliver. Then the seller rating. If a seller performs poorly on any of these measurements then they will struggle to win the buy box.

Even with a low price a seller will struggle if they have a very poor seller rating

In our example you can see that Click N Drink is priced at £26.95 but is ranked lower than the higher priced offer from Goods Digest. This is because Click N Drink’s seller rating is only 69% – nearly one third of people have given a negative rating. If their rating was above 90% then they would out-rank Goods Digest.

They are some of the basics of selling as a 3rd party on Amazon. If you believe that Seller Central is right for you then click here to jump down the article to our Seller Central guide.

If you’re a brand or exclusive distributor then you’ll need to follow the steps in the next section.

How to Get Started on Vendor Central

The first and most important thing to know is that Vendor Central is invite-only.

There are two ways to get an invite

1. Amazon has a business development team that are regularly reaching out to brands. You may already have an email from them asking whether you are interested in selling on Amazon. The downside is that unless you’ve received this email there’s nothing you can do to start this process
2. Speak with an Amazon marketing agency like us. The good ones will have numerous contacts at Amazon and will be able to open the conversation with the appropriate buying team at Amazon

Being in contact with the buyer doesn’t automatically mean you can start selling on Amazon.

The next step is to negotiate pricing with them. There’s more to it than meets the eye.

5 Things You Need to Know About Negotiating Prices with Amazon

1. Contribution Fee – Amazon will charge a Vendor around 13% of the sales price for each unit sold. Amazon states that this fee is used to advertise the products, often on Google, and as a contribution to the ongoing improvement of the Amazon platform. Yes it’s a decent-sized chunk of margin but this is the cost of doing business with Amazon. To tap into such a large audience does mean some margin sacrifice is required.
2. Transparency – we find that being very open about the cost of goods and other factors is the best way to reach a mutually beneficial agreement with Amazon. Each Amazon buyer has limits that they can go to. Being able to justify your trade prices means the buyer will consider you more trustworthy and be more open to adjusting their buy prices
3. Buy pricing – Once you’ve given Amazon your trade prices they will come in with a much lower buy price. Do not be fearful of their buying power. There is alway room for negotiation. Explain why their initial offer isn’t feasible and suggest a more acceptable middle-ground. The buyer has room for manoeuvre.
4. Use Marketing as a Bargaining Tool – just because Amazon is buying the products from you doesn’t mean that they will cover advertising and promotional costs. Use this to your advantage. Tell the buyer that you are committed to investing in Amazon advertising campaigns but to do that you need more margin. If the buyer understands that the money is being reinvested in order to grow sales on Amazon then they will be more prepared to buy at a higher price.
5. Flexible Margins – the buyer will be prepared to accept different margins for different products, even within the same category. Maybe you can accept lower margins on your more popular products and use that as leverage to protect margin in other areas.

Amazon Locking Mailbox

Once you’ve agreed pricing the Vendor Manager will start the onboarding process.

This includes

• Account creation
• Providing trademark information for an Amazon program called Brand Registry
• Uploading product information to your Amazon account
• Arranging the first shipments

Minimum Order Quantities

Amazon will be respectful of your MOQs and case sizes. It’s important to explain your processes as part of the price negotiation.

If order quantities influence your pricing then explain this to the buyer. They will discuss this with you and create an initial ordering plan that reflects your requirements.

It’s important that they understand case-packing too.

Amazon’s replenishment systems will send out purchase orders up to twice a week depending on the range and sales volumes. If you don’t specify your case packs then you will receive orders for random quantities that may not suit your warehouse.

Specify your requirements in the negotiation phase and the buyer will ensure the systems only send order requests in multiples of your case sizes.

How are Products Fulfilled to the Customer

One of the big perks of using the Vendor Central program is that Amazon handles delivery to the customer.

You will ship units as per the weekly purchase orders to Amazon’s fulfilment centres. Amazon handles everything from that point until it reaches the customer.

This process is called Fulfillment by Amazon or FBA. All products on the FBA program will be eligible for next today delivery for Prime subscribers.

Amazon is well known for it’s speedy delivery. For you as the brand-owner it provides three benefits

If you get to this point in the process then you’ve done everything you need to do in order to start selling on Amazon.

Your Vendor Manager will introduce you to a range of training modules. These will help you to understand how to market your products on Amazon.

We’ll come back to this in more detail later on but for now, it’s important to get into the mindset that Amazon is both a point of sale and a marketing platform. You must engage with both sides to become a successful Amazon seller.

Next, we’re going to walk you through options for businesses that either don’t want to use Vendor Central or are unable to use it because of their business status.

How to Sell Alcohol on Amazon via Seller Central

Let’s quickly recap on why you might sell through Seller Central.

Vendor Central is only open to brand owners or exclusive distributors. If you don’t fall into those two groups then the only other option is to use the 3rd party marketplace platform.

Brands and exclusive distributors can also use Seller Central but we don’t recommend taking this option.

I’ll explain why when we come onto fulfilment for 3rd party sellers a bit later on.

Opening a Seller Central account is very easy. You don’t need Amazon’s permission. Before we get into the details it’s important that you are aware of the administrative hurdles that you will have to jump before you can start selling.

Review these regulations before going through the time and effort of creating your Amazon account.

How to Set Up an Amazon Account to Sell Alcohol

The initial set up is pretty straightforward.

Simply go to https://sellercentral.amazon.com if you want to sell in the United States or if you’re selling in another country head to the local version of this domain (.co.uk, .de etc.)

Creating an account can be done in two simple steps

1. Choose a selling plan – either a $39.99/£30 monthly subscription or a small fee per unit sold. 99.99% of you will go with the first option
2. Create your account – you’ll need to enter your business and bank information

Getting Approval to Sell Alcohol on Amazon

Let’s assume for now that you have an Amazon Seller Central account. Your first job is to pull together all of the necessary documentation and request approval from Amazon to start selling.

As you might expect there are specific administrative tasks that you have to complete before Amazon will allow you to sell alcohol. Vendor and Seller Central sellers have to meet all of the following requirements.

• Provide a return delivery address in the local country or offer free delivery.
• Provide local language support for Customer Service in the marketplace in which the sale will take place.
• You must not sell alcohol to buyers under the minimum drinking age governed under the applicable laws.
• Supply acceptable documentation and any other information we request about the products you intend to sell, including information to demonstrate payment of excise duties in the local country.

Meeting these requirements is on top of general selling requirements as explained in this Amazon article. Amazon also assumes that you are adhering to all local, state and national laws.

It will not check that you are, but if for any reason Amazon suspects you are not complying with the law your account will be shut down.

Amazon is very cautious and will act to suspend an account and then ask the seller to prove they are compliant. It’s a huge pain to resolve these situations. You have been warned!

As you’re waiting for approval you can start to plan how you will fulfil customer orders.

There are a number of options. You will need to weigh up the pros and cons carefully.

How to Fulfil Amazon Orders as a 3rd Party Seller

This question is a no-brainer in most product categories. You have a choice between 3 options

For a more detailed explanation we’ve created this in-depth comparison of FBA V FBM V SFP Amazon fulfilment options.

Most sellers will choose to sell via FBA. Generally, it’s cheaper with far fewer operational overheads. FBA sellers are eligible for Prime next day or 2-day delivery which is a huge plus point for customers.

However, things are different in the alcohol sector. Most alcohol sellers choose to sell through FBM. This means slower delivery times and the need for a warehouse fulfilment operation.

The reason most sellers choose this option is that Amazon’s rules around how to package and deliver products to the fulfilment centres can be prohibitive for most organisations. There is also an inherent risk of shipping delicate items to an Amazon warehouse that is not necessarily geared up to deal with the specific requirements of handling your products.

Here’s what you will need to do if you want to use FBA.

• A company can sell through FBA on all marketplaces, except Amazon.it.
• Amazon Logistics (Amazon’s FBA courier service) can’t ship alcohol products across borders. Products that are shipped to a fulfilment centre in Germany can only fulfil orders coming from Germany shipping addresses.
• When shipments are delivered to addresses in Spain, France and Italy, all bottles must be properly prepared. This means that bottles sold individually must be packaged in a box approved for e-commerce. If bottles are sold as a set, they must be packaged in an e-commerce approved carton with dividers.

In the UK and Germany there are additional regulations that you will need to comply with.

• Units do not need to be individually prepared/conditioned. If units are received prepared, they will be re-packaged and prepared at the fulfilment centre where they do not meet carrier requirements.
• Units should be sent in pallets (and meet the general shipping and routing requirements), or another method that ensures that individual units will not break during transport to the fulfilment centre or during inbound (this is the seller’s responsibility).
• If units are to be sent in cartons, Amazon requires cartons to be closed and not include units with two different products
• With regards to bundles (both mono-product and multi-product), sellers are responsible for sending the bundled units together in a carton or other packaging with the FNSKU sticker for the bundle ASIN on the packaging (not on each bottle). Preparation services do not include picking and assembling bundles. The packaging doesn’t need to be prepared for delivery to the customer (but should follow the requirements in the second point above) and will be re-packaged and prepared at the fulfilment centre.
• Each unit needs to be labelled with the FNSKU linked to the country-specific SKU (e.g. For Germany: FNSKU X000000000/MSKU DE-FBA-SKU1). Labelling needs to be done on the product itself, covering the original product barcode. For a better customer experience, we recommend that bottles are labelled with the FNSKU sticker not overlapping any information on the product label.

It’s worth explaining what a FNSKU is at this juncture;

Fulfilment Network Stock Keeping Unit (FNSKU) is an Amazon-specific term. The unit is unique to the seller and product and allows Amazon to keep track of your inventory. When a seller creates an offer the FNSKU is created. This code is printed on product-level labelling.

For more information about meeting Amazon’s criteria for packaging liquids and fragile items review these two help pages;

How to Fulfil Alcohol Orders on Amazon via FBM

If you want more control over how products are warehoused and shipped to customers then you can fulfil orders from your own warehouse.

This process is called Fulfilled by Merchant or FBM.

FBM means the seller is processing and delivery orders. In a nutshell, that entails

• Processing the order in Seller Central
• Printing Amazon packaging labels
• Packaging the goods
• Shipping to the customer

FBM sellers are not eligible for the Prime badge. This makes it extremely difficult to compete for sales against Amazon.

In this example you can see that Amazon and a 3rd party seller called Drink Specialist are selling at the same price but ;

• Amazon delivery at least 5 days before Drink Specialist
• Drink Specialist have a £4.95 delivery fee on top of the sales price

In that circumstance, the buy box algorithm is always going to favour Amazon.

You could try to offer free delivery and beat Amazon on the sales price but given Amazon’s buying power and market dominance they aren’t afraid to drop prices.

Bottom line is you’ll never out-price Amazon.

My advice is to not expect too much revenue in these circumstances. By all means keep your offer live in case Amazon runs out of stock or ends the Vendor relationship but this approach is never going to lead to significant revenue.

Selling Alcohol in Different Countries on Amazon

Each country has their own very specific laws relating to the sale of alcohol. This is reflected in Amazon’s own policies. Expect to see very different rules and different requests for official documentation in each country.

Regulations in the United States are much more stringent than Europe.

Examples of Permitted Listings in the US

• Wine sold by pre-approved sellers
• Wine and beer making kits and products that do not contain alcohol

Examples of Prohibited Listings in the US

• Alcoholic beverages (except from pre-approved wine sellers)
• Any product marketed for customers over 21 years of age
• Any product that encapsulates raw alcohol

In Europe, sellers are free to sell any type of beer, wine or spirit as long as they can meet these requirements

• Product packaging must be in the local language
• The products must be new
• Each product must have one of the following:
  • A valid GTIN registered and associated with the product
  • GTIN exemption, or
  • Be enrolled on the Brand Registry Programme
• Alcohol by volume (ABV) values displayed on all product pages.
• All food products (including alcohol) offered for sale on a European Amazon website must be intended for sale in the EU and comply with all applicable EU and local laws and regulations, including but not limited to food information and labelling regulations (such as Regulation 1169/2011/EC).
• All food products (including alcohol) offered for sale on a European Amazon website must (as a minimum) be labelled in the language of that website. For example, all food products offered for sale on Amazon.de must (at a minimum) be in German.

To comply with EU policy in Germany, all products that are listed by weight, volume or length must be marked with a base price (the so-called base price policy). To display the base price correctly, Amazon will require information about your product’s weight, volume or length.

If you are able to meet the general and country-specific requirements then you can move onto the next step which is opening your Amazon account, requesting approval and creating listings.

To request approval, log into your Seller Central account and then head to this page. Scroll to the bottom and you will see a ‘Request Approval’ link.

A word of caution regarding account approvals.

Amazon is a big, slow moving beast. The approval process can take a few weeks. Amazon may ask for additional information or documentation.

The person you’re speaking to at Amazon may not be a specialist in this area. My advice is to provide lots of details and explain in the most explicit manner possible. Going this extra-mile to give more context will help you to get set up much quicker.

Take that from someone that deals with Amazon’s Seller Support on a daily basis!

How to Create Amazon Listings: A Brief Guide

Now that you have an account, it’s been approved and you’ve chosen your fulfilment method you can start to create your listings.

First, two quick definitions to help us through this process

• Listing – this is the page on Amazon’s website which hosts the product. There is only ever one listing per product. Multiple sellers compete on that one listing
• Offer – to compete on a listing a seller must have an offer for that product. This simply means they have inventory, are able to fulfil and have set the sales price.

To find out whether the product is already in Amazon’s catalogue login to your Seller Central account.

Go to Catalogue > Add Products.

Search for the product name, EAN, UPC or ASIN. ASIN is Amazon’s catalogue number.

You’ll find the ASIN in the URL of every listing on Amazon’s website. For example, the ASIN for this product is B00FU9BLKY – https://www.amazon.co.uk/Guinness-Draught-Surger-24-520ml/dp/B00FU9BLKY/

If the product is already on sale then you will be prompted to create an offer on that listing. Those of you who have already received approval to sell alcohol then you can create your offer. If not, you will be prompted to ‘apply to sell’.

3. Enter your sales prices and confirm your order handling and delivery times

Assuming you’ve priced competitively your products are ready to be sold.

How to Improve Product Awareness on Amazon

Setting up listings on Amazon is only stage one of the process. Don’t expect the sales to immediately come flooding in.

The biggest challenge with online distribution is awareness. Amazon provides the opportunity to access millions of customers but it does so for 1000s of brands.

Getting discovered amongst that vast ocean is the difference between good and great sales. Before I delve into how to increase sales it’s important to understand some core principles of Amazon marketing;

1. Amazon is ‘pay to play’ – do not expect to accelerate sales if you don’t invest in paid advertising
2. Amazon is a ‘purchase engine’ – it rewards products that have high sell-through rates with more organic visibility.
3. Use paid advertising to drive more traffic and increase sell-through. In turn that will create more non-paid traffic and sales.

As you can see each marketing activity accelerates the next stage in the process. We call this the Amazon Revenue Flywheel.

What Marketing Options Does Amazon Provide

Now that we understand the underlying principles let’s walk through the marketing tools that are at your disposal.

These topics are long blog posts in their own right but for now its sufficient to understand the basics

Amazon SEO

SEO stands for Search Engine Optimisation. It is the practice of understanding how people search for your type of product and optimising your listing to reflect that customer behaviour.

From a practical point of view it means

• Researching how customers search on Amazon
• Using those keywords in your listing – primarily in the title and bullet points
• Adding additional keywords into the ‘back-end’ – there’s a section in the listing editor which allows you to add supplementary keywords that haven’t been used on the listing

Amazon Advertising

When people search on Amazon the top of the search results is usually taken-up by ads. Amazon calls these ‘sponsored products’ or ‘sponsored brand’ ads.

Any Amazon seller can use ads. Amazon advertising should be an integral part of every seller’s toolkit.

To say there is a lot of search traffic on Amazon is an understatement. It’s important to appreciate that the majority of that traffic is non-brand (searches that don’t include a brand name) – upto 80% according to this study. That means millions of searches from people that know what they want but are undecided about which specific product to buy.

Ads are based on keyword targeting. You can decide which keywords you want to target or you can let Amazon’s algorithm decide for you.

Often at the start of a campaign it is better to let Amazon decide. This is because the algorithm will pick up any type of relevant keyword. If you pre-empt what those keywords are you may miss out keywords you’re not aware of and lose out on lots of traffic.

To quickly summarise

• Automatic targeting – Amazon decides which keywords to target based on the keywords on your listing and in the ‘back-end’
• Manual Targeting – the seller decides which keywords to target. This option is mainly used when an advertiser has data from other search engine marketing activity – they’re running ads on Google for example. Secondly, it is good practice to move successful keywords (keywords that are delivering sales) from automatic to manual targeting as this allows you to control your budget and further optimise those keywords.

Promotions

Increasing sales on Amazon does not have to be a linear process – sales increasing in proportion to the amount you spend on advertising.

Promotions will drive short term sales which in turn improves sales rank. Do this consistently over a period of months and you’ll build up a sustainable Amazon store.

Spikes of promotional activity particularly preceding and during seasonal events will enable you to accelerate sales. This is so important that we often recommend that clients treat some events as loss-leaders. A short-term loss is worth it for the long term benefit of increased exposure.

Here are the main promotions you can run

The most successful Amazon sellers understand all of the levers at their disposal. Knowing how they interact to increase sales is the boss move that takes an Amazon seller from good to great.

In Conclusion

Customer behaviour is changing rapidly. The forced acceleration to buying online means that brands have to react quickly.

In the rush to move online it’s important to understand the nuances of each platform. Amazon comes with a huge ‘ready-to-buy’ audience but that also means serious competition.

Choose the right selling method (Vendor or Seller) and invest in Amazon advertising to kickstart and sustain sales.

It’s a pretty simple combination but the difference between the bestsellers and the long tail of also-rans is monumental.

Brands succeed by having a team of people that understand the system, how to leverage the marketing options and how to do all of this in the most profitable manner.

Don’t expect overnight success but by committing to these principles Amazon can be a lucrative new channel for alcohol brands.

A post box (British English and others, also written postbox, known in the United States and Canada as collection box, mailbox, post box, or drop box) is a physical box into which members of the public can deposit outgoing mail intended for collection by the agents of a country's postal service. The term post box can also refer to a private letter box for incoming mail.

Varieties of post boxes (for outgoing mail) include:

History of post boxes

Europe

In 1653, the first post boxes are believed to have been installed in Paris.^[1] By 1829, post boxes were in use throughout France.^[2]

In the British Isles the first pillar post boxes were erected in Jersey in 1852. Roadside wall boxes first appeared in 1857 as a cheaper alternative to pillar boxes, especially in rural districts. In 1853 the first pillar box in Britain was installed at Botchergate, Carlisle. In 1856 Richard Redgrave of the Department of Science and Art designed an ornate pillar box for use in London and other large cities. In 1859 the design was improved, and this became the first National Standard pillar box. Green was adopted as the standard colour for the early Victorian post boxes. Between 1866 and 1879 the hexagonal Penfold post box became the standard design for pillar boxes and it was during this period that red was first adopted as the standard colour. The first boxes to be painted red were in London in July 1874, although it would be nearly 10 years before all the boxes had been repainted.^[3]

The first public letter boxes (post boxes) in Russia appeared in 1848 in St. Petersburg.^{[citation needed]} They were made of wood and iron. Because these boxes were lightweight and easy to steal, they disappeared frequently; later boxes were made of cast iron and could weigh up to 45 kilograms.^{[citation needed]}

Asia

The post box arrived in the late 19th century Hong Kong and were made of wood. In the 1890s, metal pillar box appeared in Hong Kong and remained in use till the late 1990s. From the 1890s to 1997 the boxes were painted red and after 1997 were painted green.

North America

The United States Post Office Department began installing public mail collection boxes in the 1850s outside post offices and on street corners in large cities. Collection boxes were initially mounted on lamp-posts.^[4] As mail volume grew, the Post Office Department gradually replaced these small boxes with larger models. The four-footed, free-standing U.S. Mail collection box was first suggested in 1894, following the successful use of such designs in Canada, and quickly became a fixture on U.S. city street corners.^[4][5] Unlike Canadian mailboxes, which were painted red,^[6] U.S. mail collection boxes were originally painted a dark green to avoid confusion with emergency and fire equipment, then to red and blue in the 1950s, and finally, all-blue with contrasting lettering.^[5][7] The coming of the automobile also influenced U.S. mailbox design, and in the late 1930s, an extension chute or 'snorkel' to drive-up curbside collection boxes was adopted.^[4]

Types of post boxes

Some postal operators have different types of post boxes for different types of mail, such as, regular post, air mail and express mail, for local addresses (defined by a range of postal codes) and out-of-town addresses, or for post bearing postage stamps and post bearing a postage meter indicator.^{[citation needed]}

Some countries have different coloured post boxes; in countries such as Australia, Portugal, and Russia, the colour indicates which type of mail a box is to be used for, such as 1st and 2nd class post. However, in Germany and parts of Sweden, because of postal deregulation, the different colours are for the different postal services. Other nations use a particular colour to indicate common political or historical ties.^[8]

Post boxes or mailboxes located outdoors are designed to keep mail secure and protected from weather. Some boxes have a rounded or slanted top or a down turned entry slot to protect mail from rain or snow.^[5][9] Locks are fitted for security, so mail can be retrieved only by official postal employees, and the box will ordinarily be constructed so as to resist damage from vandalism, forcible entry, or other causes.^[5][9][10] Bright colours are often used to increase visibility and prevent accidents and injuries.^[11][12] Entry openings are designed to allow the free deposit of mail, yet prevent retrieval via the access slot by unauthorised persons.^[5][13]

Clearance

Post boxes are emptied ('cleared') at times usually listed on the box in a TOC, Times of Collection, plate affixed to the box. In metropolitan areas, this might be once or twice a day. Busy boxes might be cleared at other times to avoid overflowing, and also to spread the work for the sorters. Extra clearances are made in the period leading up to Christmas, to prevent boxes becoming clogged with mail.^{[citation needed]}

Since 2005, most Royal Mail post boxes have had the time of only the last collection of the day listed on the box, with no indication of whether the box is cleared at other times earlier in the day. The reason given for this by the Royal Mail is that they needed to increase the type size of the wording on the 'plate' listing the collection times to improve legibility for those with poor sight and that consequently there was insufficient room for listing all collection times throughout the day. Some post boxes may indicate the next collection time by a metal 'tab'^[14] or dial that can be changed while the box is open. The tab displays a day or number, each number corresponding to a different time shown on the plate.

Terrorism and political vandalism

During 1939 a number of bombs were put in post boxes by the IRA as part of their S-Plan campaign. When the Provisional IRA blew up the Arndale shopping centre in the 1996 Manchester bombing one of the few things to survived unscathed was a Victorian pillar box dating from 1887 (A type A Jubilee pillar).

In 1952, a number of post boxes were attacked in Scotland in a dispute over the title adopted by the British monarch which was displayed in cypher on the boxes. This included at least one which was damaged in the Inch housing estate in Edinburgh with a home made explosive device. The issue in question was the fact that Queen Elizabeth I had not been the queen of Scotland, and so Scotland couldn't have a Queen Elizabeth II. The compromise was to put the Scottish crown on Scottish pillar boxes, without any reference to the particular reigning monarch. One such example can still be seen today in Hong Kong at Statue Square.

In the United States of America, nearly 7,000 USPS collection boxes were removed following the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack and the 2001 anthrax attacks in which letters containing anthrax spores were placed in public collection boxes. Since that time, a decrease in first-class mail volume and the onset of online bill payment processing has resulted in lower demand for collection box service in the U.S.^[4]

In Northern Ireland several red Royal Mail post boxes were painted green by Irish Republicans in early 2009, in order to resemble An Post's post boxes in the Republic of Ireland.^{[citation needed]}

In Britain the disposal of hypodermic needles into post boxes is a modern problem. This raises concerns among employees about AIDS/HIV and other infectious diseases and has caused Royal Mail (UK) to issue metal needle-proof gauntlets for their employees in high risk areas to protect those employees from infection.^{[citation needed]}

Colours

Symbols

• Australia – a styled red letter 'P' on a white circle, 'P' standing for 'Post'.
• Canada – a combination of a bird wing and an aircraft wing in a red circle and flanked by the words Canada Post / Postes Canada. Previously the words Canada, Canada Post, or Canada Post Corporation) were used on post boxes. Some older post boxes had the words 'Royal Mail'.
• Continental Europe – most designs include a Post horn, like those used by postmen to announce their arrival. In Germany the post horn is the only element indicating post services.
• Ireland – from 1922 the Irish harp entwined with the letters 'SE' for Saorstát Éireann, then 'P7T' Gaelic script for Post & Telegraphs and from 1984 An Post with their wavy lines logo, often on the door as a raised casting.
• Russia – logo of Russian Post (Почта России) written white on blue and black on yellow 1st class mail boxes.
• Japan – a 'T' with another bar above it (〒).
• United Kingdom – all post boxes display the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch at the time of manufacture. Exceptions are the Anonymous pillar boxes of 1879–87, where the cypher was omitted, and all boxes for use in Scotland manufactured after 1952 (including replicas of the 1866 Penfold design) which show the Queen's Crown of Scotland instead of the Royal Cypher for Elizabeth II. Private boxes emptied by Royal Mail do not have to carry a cypher. Royal Mail post boxes manufactured since 1994 carry the wording 'Royal Mail', normally above the aperture (lamp boxes) or on the door (pillar boxes). Before this date all post boxes, with the exception of the Anonymous pillar boxes, carried the wording 'Post Office'.
• United States – the United States Postal Service (USPS) eagle logo, except that boxes for Express Mail use the USPS Express Mail logo.

Gallery of Post Boxes from around the world

• British Edward VII Type A pillar box of 1902 by A.Handyside of Derby in front of Mansfield College, Oxford

• French Post Box at Dinard airport

• French Post Box at Ile de Bréhat

• Post Boxes in Lisbon, Portugal (1st class mail in blue and 2nd class in red)

• Post Box of Indian Postal Service

• VR pillar box in Kilkenny, Ireland, painted green with obvious door repair

• IrishLamp Box erected by An Post

• Italian domestic Post Box

• Japanese Post Box at the Osaka Central Post Office

• U.S. Post Box in front of the Post Office in Conneaut, Ohio

• Post box incorporated into a Type K4 telephone kiosk, introduced in 1927. 10 survive in the UK of this design by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott which also incorporates two stamp vending machines. This red telephone box is in Warrington, Cheshire, England

• A standard British lamp letter box mounted on a post in Menai Bridge, Anglesey, Wales

• A Victorian wall box of the Second National Standard type dating from 1859, in Brough, Derbyshire, England

• Large square pillar box (type A wall box freestanding) in Gloddaeth Street, Llandudno, Wales

• A Guernsey Post Type C double aperture pillar box

• A Victorian hexagonal red post box of the Penfold type manufactured in 1866 outside King's College, Cambridge (not the original location for this box).

• One of the 150 post boxes erected during the uncrowned reign of Edward VIII

• German mail box with an old Post horn with arrows (stylized lightning bolts) from the Deutsche Bundespost, on the top sign the new Post horn from Deutsche Post AG

• A post box in San Marino

• A Polish post box

• Swedish post box

• A post box in Funningur, Faroe Islands

• Pillar box in Bruges, Belgium

• Singapore AA style sheet metal mail box in Hong Kong

• A Ukrainian post box in the city of Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine

• A Czech post box

• A R2-D2 themed post box in Boston, Massachusetts as part of the celebration for Star Wars' 30th anniversary

• A postbox of one the many private mail companies in Germany, this one PIN in Berlin^[16]

• Post box mounted on an electric pole in Bangalore, India

• In Chellaston, Derby, United Kingdom

• Krakow, Poland

• Post box in Macau, China with Cantonese & Portuguese text

• Post box in Lützelflüh-Goldbach, Switzerland

• Post box in Quebec city, Canada

• Post boxes in Heinola, Finland. Orange 2nd class postbox is very common, blue 1st class mailboxes only at selected places.

See also

• Post Office box, used for incoming mail
• Stamp vending machine, often attached to post boxes

References and sources

Notes

Wedding Post Box

1. ^Lawrence, Ken. 'Before the Penny Black'. Ken Lawrence. http://www.norbyhus.dk/btpb.html. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
2. ^Batcow, Stan (2001-12-02). 'The Post Boxes of Blackpool, England'. http://www.ausgang.com/collect/post.html. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
3. ^Wicks, Paul (2002). 'History of British Letter Boxes - Part 1: Victorian Letter Boxes'. Paul Wicks. http://www.wicks.org/pulp/part1.html. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
4. ^ ^abcdMarsh, Allison (2006-03-20). 'Postal Collection Mailboxes'. National Postal Museum. http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=&tid=2032051. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
5. ^ ^abcdeShaman, Tony. 'Antique Street Letterboxes'. Antique67.com. http://www.antique67.com/articles/antique_letterboxes/antique_letterboxes.html. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
6. ^ Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation, History In A Box: Red Forever!, Civilisation.ca. http://www.civilisations.ca/cpm/histbox/canad_e.htm
7. ^Marsh, Allison; Pope, Nancy (2006-04-28). 'Orr & Painter mailbox'. Postal Collection Mailboxes. National Postal Museum. http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=76927&img=1&pg=1. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
8. ^ Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation, Colour, A Postal Symbol, Civilisation.ca. http://www.civilisations.ca/cpm/histbox/couleu_e.htm
9. ^ ^abGlancey, Jonathan (2007-01-16). 'Classics of everyday design No 6'. theblog. The Guardian. http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/art/2007/01/classics_of_everyday_design_no_6.html. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
10. ^Marsh, Allison (2006-04-29). 'Street collection box damaged September 11, 2001'. Postal Collection Mailboxes. National Postal Museum. http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=83037&img=1&mode=&pg=1&tid=2032051. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
11. ^'A Victorian post box in Brecon - made in the Black Country'. Black Country Bugle. 2007-06-28. http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/blackcountrybugle-news/displayarticle.asp?id=106007. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
12. ^'Campaign to preserve red post boxes'. BBC UK News. BBC. 2002-10-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2294797.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
13. ^William, Earle (1975-04-29). 'Secured mailbox'. USPTO Database. USPTO. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=38&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PALL&s1=3880344&OS=3880344&RS=3880344. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
14. ^'Changes to post box collections: Collection Tabs'. Postwatch.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20070630075459/http://www.postwatch.co.uk/issues/CurrentIssues.asp?id=15. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
15. ^ All Royal Mail / GPO post boxes were painted BS 538 Post Office Red between 1874 and 1969. With the introduction of the K8 Telephone kiosk in 1969, a new 'red' colour was adopted for GPO street furniture, designated B.S. 539 Post Haste Red. After British Telecom and Royal Mail were split by the British Government, BT continued to use BS539 exclusively, whilst Royal Mail use both BS538 and BS539 in a seemingly random way. Prior to 1859 there was no standard colour although there is a document in the BPMA archive indicating that optionally, the lettering and Royal cypher could be picked out in white or black. In 1859, a bronze green colour became standard until 1874. It took ten years for every box to be repainted during this period).
16. ^PIN MAIL AG

Sources

Farrugia, Jean (1969). The letter box: a history of Post Office pillar and wall boxes. Fontwell: Centaur Press. p. 282. ISBN 0900000147.

External links

Lockable Storage Box

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